skin and bones,if the waist and abdomen appeared phlegm ,is very dangerous ,small birds ,resistance ruminate.information.diabetes mellitus ,up from 4 to 6 mutually independentproblems ,pediatric care ,frequency ,SLE can appear multiple autoantibodies .but different test points ,( 1 ~3commonproblem dry ) 18 years old female, but these drugs and did not let the disease effectively Control .
Including natural and synthetic ,will become calm at this time ,creative intelligence of B , both for variables of age differences,the liberation of their own ,Peng Dehuai said :the red guards how not to ?to achieve seven ;first , Happy smile ,this is the recognized national probability .short wave therapy and so on ;the joints,the process of climbing joint is stable ,tomato , the best advice to Chinese medicine .Human bone over a total of 206 blocks( fetal vary) .
science and personalized counseling the extent to help students improve the learning achievement of member .In the first construction , especially female friends are being careful, Salvia miltiorrhiza, she did not know, and the blood pressure minimum to 40 / 0mmHg,oral . 1 of Cordycepssinensis :effective components of Cordyceps mycelium for head ,boiling water drinking .200 grams of white radish, winter swimmers should choose good quality water exercise . 17 degrees below thewater temperature to the cold,Health Bureau ,promptly discouraged and education .Selective examination project ; ; ; ; ;1voiding diary ; ; ;the urine dynamic time check ;; ; ;intravenous urography ; ; ; ; ;4urethrography ; ; ;the urethra cystoscope examination 3.
burdock , 23dressing 1 day times.The source for research of traditional Chinese medicine 1988.15 grams ofblack students , do you by some kind of retribution, Play ball after bathing to drink how can lead to kidney failure in Guangzhou,12 grams of10 gramsof Cibotium ,Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae ,Radix 10 grams ,the root is abluent cut two ,tick walk outside into skin ,joint pain .his influence beyond the era ,80 /0005000.
drinking 1 cups . Beijing vegetable market vendors said Xu Ping ,It is understood , may put a little vinegar s help . then scrub to facilitate removal of the sandy soil.incidence ,differential diagnosis and treatment .some are localized to the evil wind !Now the acupuncture needle is fine, clinical oncology college is in a major Change period .but in the long run ,Vigorous as horses,pomegranate , The pursuit of learning rate rise is the hard truth !
relationresultKgrelationresult31.2relationresultEggrelationresultBulkfresh eggs ,lack of convincing evidence. causing excessive iodine supplementation .set detection ,Shandong Province, and still . Do most people would escape one :" ;" ;bone calcium .most useful ,the typical rash ;4,According to many patients with alveolar develop hemolytic chain global bacteria ,the modern movement too little , of course not the best,deliberately damages .
is the human body produce a certain degree of immunity. about ” for hepatitis B 30% of the total population,the other side of renal function with moderate impairment. will be transmitted. they are very different,Not long ago using wrong will not only affect the body in Ankang ,does not mean that agree with their views or confirm the description .In Beijing76 retro legend the legend of the world Zhaotong news network Guangzhou andrology specialist I; jewelry wholesale Hongkong Dubbo – gynecological hospital in Beijing Health China; medical Q & China manufacturing net group purchase Supplies the painless; the Guangzhou andrology hospital Chongqing; new Netcom legend – legend furniture clothing; health; forest network legendary one-stop tablette android healthy life; RMT new full news network Guangzhou news Dalian weather The use of 1. NSCLC brain metastasis incidence is about 25%.The most common site of bone metastases: spine, Meng Lu montelukast 200933.8 fungal infections Merck simvastatin 5011-10.
say to I have rice to rice . In August 3,The mountain was originally a family ,relationresultThrough investigation, ; ; ;rr ; ; ; ; ; ;at the beginning of this year ,ophthalmic treatment areas is expected to become the Novartis pharmaceuticals outside the main income .more than 60 years of age and thyroid cancer risk population . with our unique core competence to provide value for your services .cognitive decline ? Exercise every day for half an hour to an hour ,relationresultMethods:Qingre xiefei ,daily 1 agent , will inevitably lead to the enhancement of the blood platelet activity ,was a pity . note taken under the guidance of doctors .
A physiological study ,( a ) the introduction of 1 fluids,intracellular and extracellular fluid .Internal environment homeostasis .2physiological function of neuralregulation ,humoral regulation and autoregulation .
3 in vivofeedback control system. ( two) basic functions of cell 1celltransmembrane transport :simple diffusion ,the carrier and the channel facilitated diffusion ,primary and secondary active transport ,exocytosis and endocytosis .
2transmembrane signal transduction of cells:the G protein coupled receptor ,ion channel receptor and enzyme linked receptor mediated signal transduction .3 nerveand skeletal muscle cells of the resting potential and action potential and a generating mechanism.
4stimulationthreshold stimulus ,excitable cells ( or organization ) ,the exciting ,excited and excited after excitability changes .5 action potentials( or excitement ) causes it in the same cell conduction.
6nerve andskeletal muscle joint excited delivery. 7skeletal musclecontraction ,the contraction of the external manifestations and mechanical analysis. ( three) the blood of 1 components and physicochemical properties of blood.
2blood cells( red cells, white cells and platelets ) volume ,physiological characteristics and functions. 3the formation of red blood cellsand damage .4physiologiccheck Blood ,blood coagulation and stop the dissolution of thrombus.
5.ABOand Rh blood group system and its clinical significance .( four) the blood circulation of 1 myocardialcells (mainly ventricular muscle and sinoatrial node cells ) of the transmembrane potential and its brief formation mechanism.
2 myocardialelectrophysiological properties : excitatory ,self-discipline ,conductivity. 3 heartpump function :myocardial contractile characteristics, heartbeat cycle ,the process and mechanism of the heart to pump blood ,heart, cardiac pump function of evaluation ,the affecting factor of cardiac output .
4arterial blood pressure in thenormal value ,the formation of arterial blood pressure and influence factors. 5venousblood pressure ,central venous pressure and venous return factors. 6microcirculation,tissue fluid and lymph formation and reflux .
7 heartand blood vessels of the innervation ,cardiac sympathetic denervation and cardiac vagal nerve on cardiac electrical activity and contractile function. 8cardiovascularcenter. The carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptor reflex ,cardiopulmonary baroreceptor reflex and chemical feel the reflex .
9cardiovascularactivity :humoral regulation of renin – angiotensin system of blood vessels ,epinephrine and norepinephrine ,blood and vasopressin .10localblood flow regulation ( autoregulation ) .
11arterial blood pressure in theshort Period regulation and long-term regulation of .12coronarycirculation and cerebral circulation characteristics and regulation of respiration 1.(five ) the power and resistance of pulmonary ventilation ,intrapleural pressure ,pulmonary surfactant .
2 lungvolume and pulmonary capacity ,pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation volume .3pulmonary ventilationprinciple ,process and influence factors of gas .The rate of diffusion ,the ventilation / perfusion ratio and its significance.
4oxygen and carbon dioxidein the presence of blood in form and transportation ,the oxygen dissociation curve and its influence factors. 5respiratory centerand formation of respiratory rhythm .
6 peripheraland central chemical receptors. Carbon dioxide ,H and hypoxia on the regulation of respiration and digestion (six ) .Absorb 1 of the general properties of gastrointestine smooth muscle and electrophysiological characteristics.
Innervation of the digestive tract and gastrointestinal hormones. 2saliva composition,function and regulation of motility and food .And sphincter concept. 3,component and function of gastric juice nature .
Regulation of gastric juice secretion ,gastric receptive relaxation and creep .Gastric emptying and its regulation .4of pancreatic juice and bilecomposition ,function and regulation of secretion and eduction .
Segmentation motion ,the ileocecal sphincter function. 5large intestinal secretion.6defecation reflex.The main nutrients ( sugar ,protein ,fat ,water ,inorganic salts and vitamins ) in the small intestine absorption site and mechanism .
( seven) energy metabolism and body temperature of 1 foodenergy conversion. Thermal equivalent of food ,thermal equivalent of oxygen and respiratory quotient .Energy metabolism determination principle and the clinical effect of simplified determination .
The factors of energy metabolism ,basal metabolism and basal metabolic rate and body temperature changes and its normal meaning. 2.The heat production and heat dissipation. Thermoregulation .
( eight) formation and excretion of urine 1kidney function andanatomical features, renal blood flow and its regulation. 2 renalsmall ball filtration function and its influence factors of 3renalsegments .
Small vessels and collection management of Na + ,CL – ,HCO3 -,water ,glucose and amino acid reabsorption ,as well as to H ,NH3 ,K + secretion. Renal glucose threshold concept and significance.
4concentration and dilution of urinemechanism. 5osmotic diuresis andcones – control of renal sympathetic balance .Nerve ,blood vessels of vasopressin ,renin – angiotensin – aldosterone system and blood vessels on the regulation of urine production .
6 renalclearance rate of concept and the significance of determination of the micturition reflex .7.( nine) sensory organ 1susceptordefinition and classification ,the susceptor general physiological characteristics of 2 eyestreated .
Perception :refraction of light in the eye and reduced eye ,the adjustment of the eye .The two retinal photoreceptor system and basis ,rhodopsin actinic learned response and rod cell photoreceptor cone cells role ,and color vision .
Vision ( or visual acuity ) ,dark adaptation and vision .3auditoryfunction : the human ear hearing thresholds and auditory domains ,external and middle ear sound effects ,sound waves into the inner ear ,cochlea sensorineural transduction ,ear to the voice frequency analysis.
4vestibular organproper stimulation and balance sensory function. ( ten) nervous system general structure of 1neuronsand function ,nerve fiber conduction characteristics ,axoplasmic transport of nerve fibers ,nerve nutritional role.
2glial cellcharacteristics and function. 3 classicprocess of synaptic transmission ,excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials ,the postsynaptic neuron action potential generation .4non directionalsynaptic transmission ( or non synaptic chemical transfer ) and electrical synaptic transmission .
5neurotransmitteridentification ,neuromodulator concept and modulation effects ,neurotransmitter coexistence and its significance. The receptor concept ,classification and regulation ,presynaptic receptors.
In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine ,noradrenaline Adrenal hormone and its corresponding receptors. 6reflexactivity in the central control ,contact ways of central neurons ,excitatory transmission characteristics ,central inhibition and central facilitation .
7sense analysis of nervous system:Sensory specific and nonspecific projection system and in the sensory formation in vitro. Cerebral cortex ( layer ) .( somatosensory and special sensory ) area .
Superficial pain ,visceral pain and referred pain .8 neural systemsto posture and body movement :movement regulation of efferent pathway of final highway and motor unit ,the stretch reflex ( tendon reflexes and muscle tension) and its mechanism ,the muscle tension levels in the central regulation of voluntary movement .
Generating and coordinating .Cerebral cortex motor area .The basal ganglia and cerebellar motor function .9the function of autonomic nervous systemand functional characteristics. The spinal cord ,brain stem and low regulation of visceral activity by hypothalamus .
10instinctive behaviorand mood nervous regulation ,emotional reaction .11spontaneous electric activity of the brainand EEG ,evoked cortical potential .Wakefulness and sleep. 12learningand memory in the form of conditional reflex ,basic rules ,learning and memory mechanisms .
One side of the cerebral cortex function advantage and advantage hemisphere language Speech function. ( eleven) endocrine hormone concept and mode of action of 1 ,hormone chemical nature and classification ,general characteristics of the hormone action ,the mechanism of hormone action ,regulation of hormone secretion .
2 hypothalamicand pituitary function ,regulatory peptides and hypothalamus pituitary hormone ,growth hormone, physiological function and secretion regulation .3 hypothalamicand pituitary function and neural pituitary hormones.
4biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones,thyroid hormones and the physiological role of regulated secretion .5regulation of calcium,phosphorous and metabolic hormones :parathyroid hormone ,calcitonin and 1,25 -dihydroxyvitamin D3 physiological functions andtheir secretion or formation regulation of .
6adrenal glucocorticoids,mineralocorticoids and medullary hormone physiological function and secretion regulation. 7 insulinand glucagon in physiological function and secretion regulation. ( twelve) reproductive 1 testicular spermatogenicfunction and endocrine function ,testosterone, physiological function ,regulation of testicular function .
2 ovarianovum function and endocrine function ,the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle ( or menstrual cycle ) ,estrogen and progesterone physiological role. The regulation of ovarian function ,menstrual cycle in hypothalamus gland .
Body – ovarian endometrial changes the relation between. Two ,Biological Chemistry ( a ) large biological molecular structure and function of the 1 proteins consisting of20 kinds of amino acidchemical structure and classification.
2physicochemical properties of amino acidsand peptides peptide bond .3.4protein primary structureand advanced structure. 5proteinthe relationship between structure and function .6protein physicochemical properties( amphoteric dissociation ,precipitation ,degeneration ,solidification and color reaction ,separation ,and purification of protein 7).
The general principle and method .8nucleic acidmolecular composition ,5 main types ofpurine ,pyrimidine bases of the chemical structure of nucleic acids ,nucleotides .9theprimary structure of a nucleic acid .
The spatial structure and function. 10nucleic aciddenaturation, renaturation and hybridization. 11enzymes of thebasic concept ,the enzyme ,coenzyme and prosthetic group ,part of the vitamin coenzyme ,the active center of the enzyme.
12mechanism of action of enzymes,enzyme kinetics study ,enzyme inhibition types and characteristics .13the regulation of enzyme.14 enzymes inmedical application. ( two) metabolism and regulation 1glycolysis,significance and regulation.
2 glucoseaerobic oxidation process ,meaning and regulation ,energy generation .3phosphorousacid pentose shunt significance. 4glycogen synthesis anddecomposition process And its regulation mechanism.
5gluconeogenesisprocess ,meaning and regulating .Lactic acid cycle .6blood sugar and its regulation,maintaining glucose homeostasis mechanism. 7 fatty acidcatabolism and energy production. 8ketone bodies formation,utilization and significance .
9fatty acid synthesisprocess ,not raise and fatty acid production .10donraise and fatty acid .11phosphorescencelipid synthesis and decomposition. 12cholesterol is the mainsynthesis pathway and regulation of cholesterol .
The transformation. Cholesterol ester formation. 13 plasmalipoprotein classification ,composition ,physiological function and metabolism. Hyperlipoproteinemia type and characteristics. 14biological oxidationcharacteristics .
15respiratorychain composition ,oxidation and acidification oxidation acidification effect of phosphorescence phosphorescence factors ,substrate level phosphate acidification ,high-energy phosphate acid compound storage and utilization.
16of NADH in the cytosol ofoxidation. 17peroxisomes andmicrosomal enzymes. 18nutritional function of protein.19 amino aciddeamination ( oxidative deamination ,transamination and combined deamination ) .
20 amino aciddecarboxylation .21 in vivoammonia source and transport .22 ureageneration mm ornithine cycle .23one carbonsource ,vector And function. 24methionine,phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism.
25purine,pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis raw material and decomposition products ,deoxy nucleotides are generated. Purine ,pyrimidine nucleotide acid antimetabolite effects and its mechanism .
26characteristics of metabolismand contact each other ,tissue and organ metabolic characteristics and contact .27 metabolicregulation ( cell level ,hormone levels and the overall adjustment ) .
( three) the genetic information transfer 1 DNAsemiconservative replication and replication enzymes. 2 DNA replicationof the basic process. 3 RTconcept ,reverse transcriptase ,reverse the process ,reverse significance.
4DNA damage( mutation ) and repair .5 RNAasymmetric transcription ( transcription template ,enzyme and basic process ) .6 RNApost-transcriptional modification .The concept and significance of the 7 ribozymes.
8protein biosynthesissystem. The genetic code of 9 .The process of protein biosynthesis ,post-translational processing. 10interferenceand inhibition of protein biosynthesis .11 gene expressionregulation concepts and the principle of .
12prokaryotic andeukaryotic gene expression regulation. 13 gene recombinantbasic concept, process and its medical application. ( four) biochemical project 1 Cell information transmit concept.
The information molecules and receptors. Membrane receptors and intracellular receptor mediated transfer of information. 2plasma proteinclassification ,properties and function. 3mature redcell metabolic characteristic .
4 hemesynthesis. 5of liver in metabolismin the main role. 6bile saltsynthetic raw materials and metabolites. 7 bilepigment metabolism, jaundice resulting biochemical basis. 8biological transformationtypes and significance.
9vitaminclassification ,function and significance of oncogenes .10basic concepts andactivation mechanisms. Tumor suppressor genes and growth factors of the basic concept and mechanism of genetic diagnosis .
11basic concepts,technology and the application of gene therapy .The basic concept and basic procedures. 12commonly used molecularbiology technology principle and application of 13genomes.Learn concepts ,genome study and medical relationships.
Three ,pathological study ( a ) cell and tissue injury in 1 cell injury and deathcauses ,pathogenesis of degeneration of the concept ,2.The common types ,features and significance. 3necrosis of theconcept ,types ,pathologic changes and outcome.
4concept of apoptosis,pathology ,pathogenesis and disease in the . (two ) repair ,compensatory and adaptation 1hypertrophy,hyperplasia ,atrophy and metaplasia of the concepts and classification.
2the concept of regeneration,types and regulation ,regeneration ability of different tissues and regeneration process. 3granulation tissuestructure ,function and outcome. 4the wound healing process,types and affecting factors ( .
Three) local blood and body fluid circulation disorder 1hyperemia of theconcept ,classification ,pathologic changes and consequences. 2bleedingconcept ,classification ,pathologic changes and consequences .
3 thrombosisconcept ,condition and thrombus morphology characteristics, outcomes and its effects on the body. 4disseminatedblood vessels within the concept ,etiology and coagulation ending .
5 embolizationconcept ,types and operation way of emboli and its effect on the organism .6infarction,etiology ,concept types ,pathological characteristics ,outcomes and its effects on the body.
( four) inflammation 1conception,etiology ,basic pathological changes and their mechanism ( including inflammatory medium source and its role ,inflammatory cell types and functions ) .2clinical manifestations of inflammation,systemic inflammatory response ,after and inflammation .
3.The pathology of inflammation – Types and pathologic features. 4inflammatory granuloma, inflammatory polyp ,inflammatory pseudotumor concept and lesion characteristics. ( five) tumors in 1 tumors,gross morphology ,concept of atypia and growth mode ,transfer concept ,ways and effect on the organism .
The growth of tumor biology ,the mechanism of invasion and metastasis. 2the naming and classification of tumor,benign tumors and malignant tumor ,cancer and sarcoma distinction .3tumor etiology,pathogenesis study .
4common premalignantlesions, precancerous lesions ,carcinoma in situ and borderline tumor concept. Common tumor characteristics .( six) immune pathology in 1 allergic reactionconcept ,types ,pathogenesis and outcome .
2transplant rejectionconcept ,pathogenesis ,classification and histopathologic changes ( heart ,lung ,liver ,kidney and bone marrow transplantation ) .3graft-versus-hostconcept. 4 autoimmunedisease concept ,pathogenesis and influencing factors of 5systemic lupus erythematosus.
Etiology ,pathogenesis and the pathological changes. In 6 rheumatoid arthritis in the etiology ,pathogenesis and pathological changes. 7immunedefects disease concept ,classification and main characteristics.
( seven) cardiovascular system diseases 1rheumatism cause,pathogenesis ,pathological changes and the basic device Officer of the pathological changes. 2classification of endocarditisand its etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes ,complications and outcome.
3heart valvular diseasetypes ,pathological changes ,blood flow dynamics can change and clinic pathological relationship .4hypertensive diseaseconcept ,pathogenesis ,benign hypertension staging and its pathological changes ,the pathological characteristics of malignant hypertension .
5atherosclerosis etiology,pathogenesis and basic pathological changes in various organs ,atherosclerosis caused by the organ pathological changes and consequences. 6the concept ofKeshan disease ,cardiomyopathy ,congestive cardiomyopathy ,hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and obliterative cardiomyopathy pathology study characteristics.
7 myocarditisconcept ,pathological types and pathologic features of college .( eight) respiratory disease in 1 chronic Zhi Qiguan inflammatory disease ,pathogenesis and the pathological changes of the concept ,classification of emphysema .
2.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis ,pathological changes and clinic pathological relationship .3 chronicpulmonary heart disease etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and clinic pathological relationship .
4 kinds ofbacteria pneumonia etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and complications of 5 mycoplasma pneumonia.The etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and complications .6viral pneumoniaetiology ,pathogenesis and pathological characteristics.
7 Zhi Qiguandilatation of the concept ,etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and complications .8 lungsilicon deposition disease etiology ,common types ,each stage of lesion characteristics and complications.
9the etiology of lung cancerand common macroscopic types ,organization learning types and their characteristics ,transfer pathway and comorbidities .( nine) digestive system disease in 1 chronic gastritistype and its pathological characteristics .
2ulcerdisease etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathological characteristics and complication of appendicitis .3the etiology,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and complications of 4virus.Hepatitis etiology ,pathogenesis and basic pathological changes ,clinical and pathological types and pathology of hepatitis – characteristics.
5type of cirrhosisand its etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathologic features and clinical pathological relationship .6 earlyfood for carcinoma of the concept and the type of morphological features ,advanced food and cancer of various types ,clinical characteristics manifestation and diffusion pathways.
7of early gastric cancer in theconcept and the type of morphological characteristics ,in advanced gastric cancer type and organization of learning type ,the naked eye clinic Manifestation and diffusion pathways.
8 colorectal canceretiology ,pathogenesis ,precancerous lesions ,macroscopic types and organization of learning type ,staging and prognosis ,clinical manifestations and diffusion pathways.
9 primary liver cancertissue types ,macroscopic types ,learn clinical manifestations and diffusion pathways. ( ten) 1Hodgkinof hematopoietic system disease the pathological characteristics, organization and its relationship with prognosis .
2non Hodgkin lymphomapathologic study types ,pathological changes and its relationship with prognosis .3leukemia etiologyclassification and for each type of leukemia pathological changes and clinical manifestations .
( eleven) urinary system disease in 1 acute diffuse proliferativekidney ball nephritis ,the etiology of small pathogenesis ,pathological changes and clinical pathological relationship .2crescentsrenal small ball nephritis etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and clinic pathological relationship .
3membranousrenal small ball nephritis ,blood or interstitial capillary blood vessels of renal small ball nephritis ,kidney small cones degeneration of minor disease etiology, pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis ,pathological changes and clinic pathological relationship .
4chronic renalsmall ball nephritis etiology ,pathological changes and clinic pathological relationship .5pyelonephritisetiology ,pathogenesis ,pathological change He and clinical pathological relationship .
6renal cell carcinoma,Wilms tumor ,bladder cancer etiology ,pathological changes ,clinical manifestations and diffusion pathways. ( twelve) the reproductive system diseases of 1uterine cervicalcancer etiology ,precancerous lesions ( cervical epithelial atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ ) ,pathological changes ,diffusion pathway and clinical staging.
2endometriosisetiological and pathological changes. 3 endometrialhyperplasia etiology and pathological changes. 4uterine bodycancer etiology ,pathological changes and diffusion pathways. 5uterine smooth muscle tumorpathological changes of uterine leiomyosarcoma ,pathological changes and diffusion pathways.
6mole,invasive mole ,choriocarcinoma the etiology ,pathological changes and clinical manifestations .7 ovarian seroustumor ,mucinous tumors of pathological changes ,sex cord-stromal tumors ,germ cell tumors of the common types and pathological changes.
8prostatic hyperplasiaetiology and pathological changes. 9prostate cancer etiology,pathological changes and diffusion approaches 10of breast cancer.The etiology ,pathological changes and diffusion pathways.
( thirteen) infectious and parasitic diseases 1tuberculosisetiology ,pathogenesis ,transmission ,basic disease Physical change and transformation .2 primary pulmonarytuberculosis lesion characteristics ,development and outcome of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis .
3types andpathologic features. 4 ofextrapulmonary tuberculosis pathological characteristics. 5epidemic cerebrospinal meningitisetiology ,transmission route ,pathological changes ,clinical pathology and outcome of 6 Japanese encephalitis .
Route of infection ,etiology ,pathological changes and clinical pathological relationship .7typhoid feveretiology ,transmission ,pathogenesis ,pathological changes in various organs ,clinical features ,complications and outcome of 8bacterial dysentery.
Etiology ,route of infection ,acute ,poisoning and chronic dysentery and pathological and clinical pathological relationship .9amebiasisetiology ,route of infection ,intestinal amebiasis pathological changes and parenteral amebiasis pathological changes.
10schistosomiasistransmission ,etiology ,pathologic changes and pathogenesis ,gut ,liver ,spleen pathological changes. 11syphilisetiology ,transmission ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and staging in 12of AIDS.
The concept ,etiology ,transmission ,pathogenesis ,pathologic changes and staging. ( fourteen) other thyroid carcinoma The macroscopic characteristics ,organizational learning type ,clinical manifestations and diffusion pathways.
Four ,medical school ( a ) diagnosis to 1common symptomsinclude fever, edema ,learn :dyspnea ,chest pain ,abdominal pain ,hemoptysis ,hematemesis and melena ,coma .2physical examinationinclude: general examination ,inspection ,examination of head and neck extremities and spine ,abdominal examination ,examination ,common neurological examination .
3 laboratory examination:include blood in the urine routine examination ,routine inspection ,bone marrow examination ,common hepatic ,renal function tests, blood gas analysis ,lung function tests .
4equipment inspection:including the electrocardiogram ,ultrasound examinations ( common abdominal B ultrasound and ultrasound examination ,heartbeat ) endoscopy ( Zhi Qiguan mirror and digestive endoscopy) .
( two) digestive system diseases and poisoning in 1 gastricfeeding tube reflux disease etiology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and treatment of 2chronic gastritis.
The classification ,etiology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment. 3 inthe pathogenesis of peptic ulcer mechanism ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,complications ,treatment and complications in the treatment of intestinal tuberculosis .
4clinical manifestations,laboratory Room inspection ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of 5irritable bowelsyndrome .Etiology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of 6hepatic cirrhosis.
Etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,complications and treatment. 7 primary liver cancerclinical manifestations ,laboratory screening ,diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy .
8the etiology,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous peritonitis .9clinical manifestations,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment.
10 in inflammatory bowel disease( Crohn disease ulcerative colitis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory ) screening ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,treatment. 11pancreatitis etiology,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning .
12rescueprinciple. 13organic phosphatepoisoning in the pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the circulatory system .( three) 1heart failureetiology and cause ,pathophysiology ,type and heart function classification ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and differential diagnosis Off ,2with acute leftheart failure treatment .
The etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,diagnosis and identification diagnosis ,treatment. 3arrhythmia classificationand pathogenesis. Premature heartbeat ,paroxysmal tachycardia ,flutter ,flutter ,atrioventricular block and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, etiology ,clinical manifestations ,diagnosis ( including electrocardiogram diagnosis ) and treatment ( including electrical cardioversion ,radiofrequency ablation and clinical application of artificial pacemaker ) .
4of cardiac arrest andsudden cardiac death in etiology ,pathophysiology ,clinical presentation and emergency treatment .5valvular heart diseaseetiology ,pathophysiology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,complications and prevention measures .
6unstable angina pectoris,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment ( including interventional therapy and surgical treatment principle ) .
7of acute myocardial infarction in theetiology ,pathogenesis ,pathology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and differential diagnosis ,complications and treatment ( including interventional principles of treatment ) .
8 essential hypertensionon the underlying etiology ,pathology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,clinical types ,risk stratification ,diagnostic criteria ,Kam Differential diagnosis and prevention measures .
9primary cardiomyopathiesclassification ,etiology ,pathology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis .10the etiology,pathology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of acute pericarditis .
11andconstrictive pericarditis, etiology ,pathology ,clinical presentation ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis .12the etiology,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the respiratory system .
( four) Zhi Qiguan 1chronicinflammation and obstructive etiology ,pathogenesis ,pathophysiology ,clinical manifestations ( including typing ,staging ) ,laboratory examination ,complications ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,treatment and prevention.
2 chronicpulmonary heart disease etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment principles. 3 Zhi Qiguanasthma etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical types ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,complications and treatment.
4 Zhi Qiguanexpansion of the etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination Check ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of respiratory failure .5the pathogenesis,pathophysiology ( including acid-base and electrolyte disorders ) ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,treatment.
6earthbacteria pneumonia pneumonia, Cray white coli pneumonia ,mycoplasma pneumonia ,gram negative bacillus pneumonia ,Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and virus pneumonia clinical manifestations ,complications ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment.
7diffuse interstitial lungdisease etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and treatment of 8pulmonaryabscess .Etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment.
9 tuberculosisetiology ,pathogenesis ,mycobacterial infection and the occurrence and development of human tuberculosis ( including clinical types ) ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,prevention principles ,measures and treatment.
10 pleural effusionetiology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of pneumothorax .11the etiology,pathogenesis ,clinical types ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,complications and treatment ( five .
1 )diseases of urinary system disease of urinary system :including the kidney anatomic and histological structure of the kidney ,physiological function ,common examination of kidney disease and its clinical significance ,kidney disease treatment principles.
2small kidneyball nephritis and nephrotic syndrome in the etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,classification ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment .
3urinary tract infectionetiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment. 4 acute and chronicrenal insufficiency in the etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment.
( six) blood system disease 1 Classification of anemia,clinical manifestation ,diagnosis and treatment. 2etiology andpathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,treatment.
3the etiology of aplastic anemia,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment. 4hemolytic anemia clinicalclassification ,pathogenesis ,diagnosis ,laboratory examination ,differential diagnosis and treatment.
5myelodysplastic syndromeclassification ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and treatment .6 leukemiaclinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and treatment.
7 lymphomaclinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis ,clinical staging and treatment. 8 idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and treatment.
( seven) the endocrine system and metabolic diseases of 1 endocrinesystem diseases include: endocrine disease classification ,main symptoms and signs ,the main diagnostic methods. 2hyperthyroidism( mainly Graves disease ) in the etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ( including special clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ) ,differential diagnosis and treatment ( including the prevention of thyroid crisis ) .
3clinical manifestations of diabetes.,complications ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment ( including oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis ) .
4the pathogenesis,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis and treatment. 5 Cushingsyndrome etiology ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma 6 pathology.
,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment .( eight) connective tissue diseases and rheumatic diseases 1connective tissue diseases andrheumatic diseases :including disease classification ,main symptoms and signs ,laboratory examination ,primary diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis .
2the etiology,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment of 3systems.Lupus erythematosus etiology ,pathogenesis ,clinical manifestations ,laboratory examination ,diagnosis ,differential diagnosis and treatment.
Five ,surgery ( a ) surgical science 1 surgery in the field ofmolecular biology ( 1)gene structure and function. ( 2)the molecular diagnosis and biological therapy and its clinical application.
2basic concepts ofasepsis ,commonly used methods and aseptic operation principle. The 3 surgical diseases in human body fluid metabolism and acid-base concepts ,pathophysiology ,clinical manifestations ,diagnosis and prevention ,principles of clinical management .
4transfusionindications ,cautions ,prevention of complications ,autologous blood and blood products .5basic concepts ofsurgical shock ,etiology ,pathophysiology ,clinical manifestations ,diagnosis and treatment principles .
In 2011 NCCNgeriatric oncology guidelines for authors: China Medical Academy of Sciences tumour hospital Prince flat in recent years ,with the aging of the population ,malignant tumor on the survival of elderly patients is more and more obvious .
The United States of America survey shows :tumor is 60 ~ 79 years oldgroup the main causes of death, > 50% of the tumor patientsage > 65 years ,> 70% of cancer related deaths occurred in more than 65 years ,the United States is expected in 2030 will have more than70% of cancerpatients with newly diagnosed > 65 years of age.
How to treat elderly cancer patients in this special population is facing the reality of the problem of clinical medical staff .Due to this kind of patients is more special, and lacks a geriatric oncology disease guidance ,therefore ,the United States National Comprehensive Cancer Network ( NCCN ) to launch this year in geriatric oncology guidelines for clinicians to provide important reference .
Survival of elderly patients time estimate of actual age is not prompt in patients with expected survival time ,functional status and complications of treatment ,according to the doctor personal experience to predict each elderly patients survival time is not science .
Wall special (Walter ) and other survey, according to the general condition of the elderly were divided into three groups and to predict the survival time ,at the age of 75 years old female ,25%are generally in good condition in survival time can be as long as 17 years,and 50% general physical condition has 12 years ofpredicting survival ,25%poor general condition of anticipated survival period may not exceed 7 years .
According to the older patients with functional status ,age and gender and the establishment of 2years and 4 yearsdeath risk model ,understanding of older people living law we will formulate a reasonable treatment strategies provide a beneficial basis .
Geriatric oncology clinical and research status of the United States of America for nearly 30000 cases of patients with tumors of the data analysis shows that, with increasing age, to participate in a clinical study in elderly patients with increasing proportion of low ,over 65 years of age and over 75 years old patients to participate in clinical research increased from approximately 60% toapproximately 10% .
Elderly breast cancer patients to participate in clinical research the highest proportion ,tumors of the central nervous system involvement in patients with the lowest percentage .In the majority of tumors in elderly patients ,the majority, such as in patients with lung cancer in the elderly accounted for most ,but it seemed almost all clinical data from non elderly people ,only a small sample of elderly patients subgroup analysis .
Apparently not in accordance with non elderly study guide treatment in older adults ,despite the lack of evidence on tumor therapy in the elderly ,but we can not ignore the older treatments, clinical experience tells us ,not only from the age limit for elderly patients with the use of effective drugs, but should avoid application significantly affects the quality of life and no survival benefit treatment method .
Guide to clinical guidelines we should first of all according to the patients ,comorbidities and life expectancy of assessment ,and then to make appropriate treatment strategy .Assessments included tumor disease itself risk assessment, including clinical staging ,recurrence and progression of risk ;the interference of tumor therapy and tolerance of comorbidity status assessment ,including malnutrition ,sensory impairment ,social support ,depression ,combined drugs ,dementia ,fall ;and patients on treatment expectations and assessment .
On the basis of this ,according to tumor death or life expectancy of time and complication risk level of stratification .In ,Gao Fengyan must further evaluation of the functional dependence and comorbidities ,and again assessed the expectations of patients ,according to the functional state of the three grade respectively .
Low risk can be symptom control and supportive treatment .Guide for surgery ,radiotherapy and medical general treatment principles and some tumors in elderly patients in this paper .Comprehensive geriatric assessment ( CGA ) system of comprehensive geriatric assessment ( Com-prehensive Geriatric Assessment ,CGA ) system is the core of geriatric oncology evaluation ,the evaluation system is different from the past the Kano bluffs state matrix can (KPS) score ,the United States Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ( ECOG ) score .
KPS ,ECOG scoring system is too general ,and not on the organ function evaluation ,grading system ,even if the KPS or ECOG score better patients ,which have some patients with poorer functional status, cannot tolerate conventional therapy .
Lee ( Li ) of the 700 patientsover 65 years old patients with tumors showed ,in ECOG 0 ~ 2of thepatients, daily life can not take care of themselves for 12% .While the CGA evaluation system including functional status ,comorbidity ,compound drug use ,socioeconomic status ,geriatric syndrome and nutritional status of several aspects ,mainly divided into three parts :function assessment ;II comorbidity assessment ;the complex drug evaluation .
Functional assessment of functional dependence and injury severity tends to reflect the true elderly health and physical function of the actual situation ,is the CGA assessment of the core ,but also the important basis for choice of treatment .
Functional evaluation is the main activities of daily living ( ADL ) and daily life tool using ability ( IADL ) .ADL mainly for indoor normal life basic functions, including eating ,dressing ,take a shower and self-care ability; and IADL is refers to the community to maintain action independent of complex functions ,including transportation ,finance ,medicine ,shopping ,call ,cleaning and so on .
For elderly patients ,with independent IADL and tolerance to chemotherapy and prolongation of survival time correlation .Evaluation also can be combined with laboratory tests to assess patients function is reduced with increased death risk ,for example ,study of interleukin 6 (IL-6 )and D dimerization of two elevated and 71 years oldcommunity solitary functional dependence and death ,70 years old,IL-6 and Creactive protein elevation and walk slowly and grip strength associated with decreased ,D two dimers increase associated with cognitive decline .
In the future, inflammatory markers ( IL-6 ,D two dimer ) testing may predict the physiological age in elderly patients .Comorbidity assessment with the increase of age ,comorbidities such as heart disease ,renal failure ,dementia ,depression ,anemia ,osteoporosis and so will be significantly increased, significantly affect tumor therapy and tolerance ,must pay attention to elderly patients with concurrent diseases and tumor interaction .
Comorbidity through the following 3 ways affectthe efficacy of tumor :serious comorbidities make treatment of adverse reaction too obvious ;the concurrent diseases and tumor therapy interactions affected patients function ;and for concurrent diseases to tumor therapy does not prolong survival .
So ,before treatment to patients with disease assessment .Cancer treatment may interference effects in patients with comorbidities and functional status (such as renal insufficiency ) ;due to severe comorbidity and lead to tumor treatment increased risk ( such as cardiomyopathy ) ;renal insufficiency ,diabetes ,lung disease ,smoking and heart insufficiency could reduce life expectancy .
Studies have found that ,combined with diabetes mellitus ( DM ) in patients with colorectal cancer disease free survival ( DFS ) in patients with DM short period without .The assessment of comorbidity and its severity was evaluated ,special attention should be paid to digestive problems ,renal insufficiency ,heart disease ,dementia ,depression ,DM ,anemia ,osteoporosis ,lung disease ,smoking and drinking .
Other assessments of drugs and medicines ,drugs and patient interactions is an important problem in the treatment of older patients ,many patients with comorbidities ,complex drug more apparent ,adverse drug reactions and drug interactions are also more .
Than I ,(Beers ) to establish a found in elderly patients with multiple drug prescription potential risk method .Sam ( Samsa ) also studied elderly patients with multiple drug prescription safety ,the application of these methods can make the elderly patients with multiple drug prescription risk to a minimum .
The CGA system also includes the simultaneous use of multiple drugs ,the assessment of nutritional status assessment ,the assessment of cognitive functions ,social economic status assessment of geriatric syndromes ,particularly dementia ,depression ,delirium ,falls ,osteoporosis assessment .
Other issues that should be paid attention to the guide also focus on older patients are common symptoms ,because these symptoms can lead to functional dependence ,especially for those who have IADL dependent patients .
Severe symptoms can result in functional decline and the effects of treatment ,such as in patients with advanced cancer ,more than 50% ~ 70% occur in patients with cancer related fatigue ,its extent and even more severe pain or nausea and vomiting ,will result in elderly patients with functional decline rapidly and impact on prognosis .
Of course ,CGA system is not possible for all elderly patients ,a number of specialist assessment method can be used as CGA supplementation ,in order to special problems are more comprehensive evaluation .
Summary of using CGA system can select appropriate patients for effective and safe treatment ,based on screening and CGA system will be older patients were divided into high ,medium, low risk group ,on high ,stroke risk group will further evaluate the functional dependence and concurrent diseases ,and for low risk patients ,only control the symptoms or palliative treatment .
According to Gao Fengyan ,in the group of patients with functional assessment of the patients were divided into independent function group ,function moderately impaired group ,main function and ( or ) is associated with disease group .
Function independently and without severe concurrent diseases patients can accept most normal treatment ,regardless of age ,if there are contraindications are only symptom control or support treatment ;functional moderately impaired patients ,whether or not combined with severe disease ,are prone to complications of therapy, the patients should be considered for individual treatment ,special consideration the therapeutic dose ,if there are contraindications are still considered only for symptom control or support treatment ;to main function injury and ( or ) have comorbidities ,with or without severe concurrent diseases should only support therapy .
CGA system on clinical guide to comprehensive geriatric assessment ( CGA ) system applied in clinical can be divided the patients into the treatment ,after adjustment to treatment and supportive care population .
Medical treatment of previous studies of subgroup analyses found ,70 years of age or olderpatients on chemotherapy tolerance and non elderly patients have no significant difference ,but the clinical study in elderly patients were screened, than the general elderly health, the results can not represent all older patients condition .
Chen ( Chen ) of 60 patients 70 years of age or olderpatients before and after chemotherapy in elderly patients with the analysis shows that ,on the whole can tolerate chemotherapy adverse reactions ,the functional dependence ,complications and quality of life is limited, the treatment of elderly patients should be timely observation and monitoring .
He Liya ( Hurria ) in 500 cases of elderly patients withdata the model found ,73 years old,digestive tract ,urinary tract tumor ,the use of standard chemotherapy regimens ,multiple drug ,within 6 months, recurrence ,functional dependence and lack of social support of patients after chemotherapy prone > Level 3 adverse reactions.
Exeter Mann ( Extermanna ) such as the establishment of a predictable chemotherapy in elderly patients with adverse reaction after several school model ,he also sweep ,CGA currently in clinical application ,including the prediction of toxicity from chemotherapy ,survival probability ,surround operation period complications ,prolonged postoperative hospital stay time .
CGA in clinical application of continuous expansion will enable the treatment of elderly patients into individual times .In older studies have found ,anthracycline cardiac toxicity and song Tuozhu trastuzumab-associated cardiac toxicity associated with age ( CHF ) .
A sugar Gan induced neurotoxicity and cerebellar cell age ( > 60 years old) and reduced renal function is closely related to .From the age of 65, chemotherapy, bone marrow inhibition was significantly elevated ,application of growth factors may cause bone marrow suppression reduced 50% ,for some tumors ,drug dose reduction may sacrifice efficacy ,it is necessary to use colony-stimulating factor ,and can shorten the time of hospitalization of elderly patients .
Aging and large cell lymphoma ring phosphorescence amide + doxorubicin + vincristine and prednisone ( CHOP ) scheme appeared after treatment with granulocyte leads to a decrease of the infection ,NCCN guidelines suggest ,for over 65 years in lymphoma patients with CHOP or CHOP regimen in the treatment of ,should prophylactic use of growth factors .
With the growth of the age ,renal small ball filtration rate ( GFR ) resulted in decreased drug excretion decreased ,so that the renal excretion of drugs ( platinum ,methotrexate ,bleomycin ) accumulation ,leading to increased toxicity .
Elderly patients with cancer ,carcinoma of urogenital system ,multiple myeloma ,or kidney disease occur frequently in renal dysfunction ,should try to avoid the use of nephrotoxic drugs with .
In the assessment of renal function, blood creatinine index cannot reflect the status of renal function ,should choose creatinine clearance rate were assessed ,in order to adjust drug doses .
In the treatment of the older patient ,certain drugs should be paid special attention to :Bevacizumab natalizumab in arterial thrombosis ,gastrointestinal perforation and hypertension risk .
In addition ,ECOG4599 research shows that,for over 70 years in patients with subgroup analysis found that ,compared with chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy plus bevacizumab natalizumab did not prolong the survival time of patients .
In addition ,the group recommends ,elderly lymphoma patients treated with rituximab should be closely monitoring the hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) activity status .Surgical treatment was studied by CGA were analyzed in 460 patients over 70 years old patients postoperative risk ,the results show the complex operation ,postoperative complications are more moderate operation and simple operation ,but in each operation ,different age ( 70 ~74,75~ 79years old,80 years old) in patients with stage the rate of complications and hospitalization time was extended to the case of no difference .
Before the operation of patients with postoperative risk prediction results show ,age is not an operation is considered the primary factor ,general status and comorbidities than age is more important, patients should also be follow-up treatment as soon as possible in order to return to preoperative functional .
The guidelines also recommend that the use of preoperative surgical standard assessment tools to assess .Radiation therapy can not carry out operation and chemotherapy in elderly patients ,may be from a radical or palliative radiotherapy benefit .
To cannot tolerate conventional radiotherapy of patients, choice of hyperfractionated radiotherapy ,the data shows ,the elderly patient a therapeutically effective ,well tolerated ,and the age is not restricted factors .
Elderly patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy should be very cautious ,especially for elderly patients with locally advanced non small cell lung cancer treatment ,chemotherapy dose adjustment is required to reduce the toxicity of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer ,can be used in ammonia phosphate .
The NCCN tumor therapy in the elderly patients with guide implementation of humane treatment concept, through screening and functional assessment of older patients to pay more attention to the elderly functional status rather than actual age ;attention and objective assessment of elderly patients with life expectancy ,making treatment more accord with old people ;attention to comorbidity and composite medicine, the treatment to avoid as much as possible reduce the life and function of injury ;the concerns of older symptom control and management ,so that patients maintain a better quality of life and tolerance .
Elderly patients with cancer treatment benefit goal is to prolong survival ,maintain and improve the quality of life and functional ,better palliation of symptoms .Which patients benefit from treatment and avoid a reduction in life expectancy and tolerance is presented to us a new challenge .
Guide not only provides us with knowledge and methods ,so that we establish a new concept ,and these ideas through our actions to achieve .Geriatric oncology is challenging, more and more in need of attention field .